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Mehtab Chand (1820–79) (zamindar of the Burdwan Raj) as a young man, c. 1840–45 AD.. When Babur conquered North India, there were many autonomous and semiautonomous rulers who were known locally as Rai, Raja, Rana, Rao, Rawat, etc. while in the various Persian chronicles, they were referred to as zamindars and marzabans.
The zamindars also had policing, judicial and administrative functions. The zamindars were integral to Mughal government in Bengal. They were also known as jagirdars. Under Company rule in India, the Cornwallis Code introduced the Permanent Settlement. Zamindars were made responsible for collecting taxes on behalf of the colonial government.
Zamindars refusing to pay the state and gathering forces to attack neighbouring zamindars was a common practice in Bihar during this period. [ 8 ] This attitude to authority continued into the period when the Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad became the nominal governors of Bihar.
Zamindars of Krishna district hold an important place in the history of Madras Presidency. Krishna district holds some huge Zamindari estates like Nuzvid Estate , Chintalapati Vantu, Devarakota, Repalle, Vallur etc. which are both extensive and wealthy estates.
One of the few Muslim zamindars in the region, at a time when the territories were mainly ruled by the Hindu raj families (Royal families), the Singra Zamindari family or Singranatore Zamindars were descended from former mansabdars as hereditary Mirzas; a cadet branch of the Imperial family of India, they descended from a perso-Turkic dynasty.
Zamindars are considered a dominant caste and tend to be village and town leaders. [43] Urban social, political, and economic affairs are dominated by Zamindars, and land is controlled by them; [43] Kammis are socially marginalized. [44] Kammis and Zamindars intermarry. [45] Ancestral land ownership and agriculture are ascribed to Zamindars.
Around early March 1698, the East India Company (EIC) proposed to the Roy Choudhurys that Dihi Kalikata be subrented to them. [9] [7] [note 4] The offer was rejected since then-Zamindar (anon.) of the Roy Chowdhurys feared permanently losing the properties to a far-powerful client.
The most well known among the zamindars was P. Subbarayan who served as Chief Minister of the Madras Presidency from 1926 to 1930. His son, Mohan Kumaramangalam , daughter Parvathi Krishnan and grandson Rangarajan Kumaramangalam have all served as members of the upper house of the Indian Parliament the Lok Sabha .