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Shellfish poisoning includes four syndromes that share some common features and are primarily associated with bivalve molluscs (such as mussels, clams, oysters and scallops.) [1] As filter feeders, these shellfish may accumulate toxins produced by microscopic organisms, such as cyanobacteria, diatoms and dinoflagellates.
Hallmark symptoms of ciguatera in humans include gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and neurological effects. [5] [6] Gastrointestinal symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, usually followed by neurological symptoms such as headaches, muscle aches, paresthesia, numbness of extremities, mouth and lips, reversal of hot and cold sensation, [7] [8] ataxia, vertigo, and hallucinations.
D. acuminata blooms are constant threat to and indication of diarrhoeatic shellfish poisoning outbreaks. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Dinophysis acuminata is a photosynthesising Dinophysis species by acquiring secondary plastids from consuming the ciliate Myrionecta rubra , [ 5 ] which in turn had ingested them from the alga Teleaulax amphioxeia .
PSP affects those who come into contact with the affected shellfish by ingestion. [1] The toxins responsible for most shellfish poisonings—mainly saxitoxin, although several other toxins have been found, such as neosaxitoxin and gonyautoxins I to IV—are water-insoluble, and heat- and acid-stable. Therefore, ordinary cooking methods will not ...
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration says consumers should avoid eating shellfish from Oregon and Washington state as they may be contaminated with toxins that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning ...
Biotoxins accumulated in fish/shellfish include brevetoxins, okadaic acid, saxitoxins, ciguatoxin and domoic acid. Except for ciguatoxine, high levels of these toxins are only found in shellfish. Both domoic acid and ciguatoxine can be deadly to humans; the others will only cause diarrhea, dizziness and a (temporary) feeling of claustrophobia ...
Neosaxitoxin (NSTX) is included, as other saxitoxin-analogs, in a broad group of natural neurotoxic alkaloids, commonly known as the paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs).The parent compound of PSTs, saxitoxin (STX), is a tricyclic perhydropurine alkaloid, which can be substituted at various positions, leading to more than 30 naturally occurring STX analogues.
common food poisoning; seafood allergy; paralytic shellfish poisoning; ciguatera fish poisoning; pesticide poisoning; alcohol intoxication; certain psychiatric disorders. Due to the extensive list of disorders with similar symptoms, a detailed food history is necessary to make the diagnosis. [4]