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Pell's equation for n = 2 and six of its integer solutions. Pell's equation, also called the Pell–Fermat equation, is any Diophantine equation of the form =, where n is a given positive nonsquare integer, and integer solutions are sought for x and y.
Graph homomorphism problem [3]: GT52 Graph partition into subgraphs of specific types (triangles, isomorphic subgraphs, Hamiltonian subgraphs, forests, perfect matchings) are known NP-complete. Partition into cliques is the same problem as coloring the complement of the given graph. A related problem is to find a partition that is optimal terms ...
In graph theory, the De Bruijn–Erdős theorem relates graph coloring of an infinite graph to the same problem on its finite subgraphs. It states that, when all finite subgraphs can be colored with c {\displaystyle c} colors, the same is true for the whole graph.
Illustration for a proof of the Erdős–Anning theorem. Given three non-collinear points A, B, C with integer distances from each other (here, the vertices of a 3–4–5 right triangle), the points whose distances to A and B differ by an integer lie on a system of hyperbolas and degenerate hyperbolas (blue), and symmetrically the points whose distances to B and C differ by an integer lie on ...
For example, the equation + = is a simple indeterminate equation, as is =. Indeterminate equations cannot be solved uniquely. Indeterminate equations cannot be solved uniquely. In fact, in some cases it might even have infinitely many solutions. [ 2 ]
A graph that shows the number of balls in and out of the vase for the first ten iterations of the problem. The Ross–Littlewood paradox (also known as the balls and vase problem or the ping pong ball problem) is a hypothetical problem in abstract mathematics and logic designed to illustrate the paradoxical, or at least non-intuitive, nature of infinity.
The cases n = 1 and n = 2 have been known since antiquity to have infinitely many solutions. [1] The proposition was first stated as a theorem by Pierre de Fermat around 1637 in the margin of a copy of Arithmetica. Fermat added that he had a proof that was too large to fit in the margin.
A natural example of such a question concerning positive-dimensional systems is the following: decide if a polynomial system over the rational numbers has a finite number of real solutions and compute them. A generalization of this question is find at least one solution in each connected component of the set of real solutions of a polynomial ...