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This concept is exemplified by the famous aphorism, "the end justifies the means," variously attributed to Machiavelli or Ovid [8] i.e. if a goal is morally important enough, any method of achieving it is acceptable. [9] [10]
A means can be justified only by its end.But the end in its turn needs to be justified. From the Marxist point of view, which expresses the historical interests of the proletariat, the end is justified if it leads to increasing the power of man over nature and to the abolition of the power of man over man.
Situational ethics is thus a teleological or consequential theory, in that it is primarily concerned with the outcome or consequences of an action; the end. Fletcher proposed that loving ends justify any means. [4] Joseph Fletcher abandoned his theistic belief in his later life but never strayed away from his belief in situation ethics.
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The means-end condition. The bad effect must not be the means by which one achieves the good effect. Good ends do not justify evil means. [5] [note 1] The proportionality condition. There must be a proportionately grave reason for permitting the evil effect.
Scholars often note that Machiavelli glorifies instrumentality in state building, an approach embodied by the saying, often attributed to interpretations of The Prince, "The ends justify the means". [45] Fraud and deceit are held by Machiavelli as necessary for a prince to use. [46]
Thus, a morally right act (or omission) is one that will produce a good outcome (the end justifies the means). Utilitarianism; Negative utilitarianism; Ethical hedonism; Ethical altruism – an ethical doctrine that holds that individuals have a moral obligation to help, serve, or benefit others, if necessary at the sacrifice of self-interest
Those presented with bad outcomes rated the decision worse than those who had good outcomes. "The ends justify the means" is an often-used aphorism to express the outcome effect when the outcome is desirable. This mistake occurs when currently available information is incorporated when evaluating a past decision.