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Within craniofacial disorders and abnormalities, orofacial clefts, and specifically cleft lip (CL) and cleft palate (CP) are the most common in humans. [9] Occurrences of CL/P are most often (around seventy percent of cases) isolated and nonsyndromic, meaning they are not associated with a syndrome or inherited genetic conditions.
A cleft lip contains an opening in the upper lip that may extend into the nose. [1] The opening may be on one side, both sides, or in the middle. [1] A cleft palate occurs when the palate (the roof of the mouth) contains an opening into the nose. [1] The term orofacial cleft refers to either condition
A bifid nose (also known as cleft nose) is an uncommon congenital malformation which is characterized by the presence of a cleft between the two nostrils of the nose. [1] It is the result of a disturbance during embryological nose development. [2] It is part of the Tessier classification for craniofacial clefts. [3]
The facial cleft in this case results in a more severe muscle separation even though there is not a true open cleft. Bones in the region remain unaffected and the phenotype appears as an indentation of the cheek rather than an open cleft. The external ear in this phenotype can also be deformed. [3]
Oral and maxillofacial surgery is a surgical specialty focusing on reconstructive surgery of the face, facial trauma surgery, the mouth, head and neck, and jaws, as well as facial plastic surgery including cleft lip and cleft palate surgery.
Cleft palate does not have laterality in the same sense that the cleft lip does. Rather, there are certain morphologic forms of cleft palate (described succinctly by the Veau classification, as explained in detail below). An isolated cleft of the palate (whether Veau-I soft palate only or Veau-II hard and soft palate) is a "midline" cleft.
Cephalometric analysis depends on cephalometric radiography to study relationships between bony and soft tissue landmarks and can be used to diagnose facial growth abnormalities prior to treatment, in the middle of treatment to evaluate progress, or at the conclusion of treatment to ascertain that the goals of treatment have been met. [5]
Frontonasal dysplasia (FND) is a congenital malformation of the midface. [1] For the diagnosis of FND, a patient should present at least two of the following characteristics: hypertelorism (an increased distance between the eyes), a wide nasal root, vertical midline cleft of the nose and/or upper lip, cleft of the wings of the nose, malformed nasal tip, encephalocele (an opening of the skull ...