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Under typical physiological conditions, acetoacetic acid exists as its conjugate base, acetoacetate: AcCH 2 CO 2 H → AcCH 2 CO − 2 + H + Unbound acetoacetate is primarily produced by liver mitochondria from its thioester with coenzyme A (CoA): AcCH 2 C(O)−CoA + OH − → AcCH 2 CO − 2 + H−CoA. The acetoacetate-CoA itself is formed by ...
Two acetyl-CoA molecules condense to form acetoacetyl-CoA, which gives rise to the formation of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate. [16] Acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and their spontaneous breakdown product acetone [ 18 ] are frequently, but confusingly, known as ketone bodies (as they are not "bodies" at all, but water-soluble chemical ...
Ketone bodies are water-soluble molecules or compounds that contain the ketone groups produced from fatty acids by the liver (ketogenesis). [1] [2] Ketone bodies are readily transported into tissues outside the liver, where they are converted into acetyl-CoA (acetyl-Coenzyme A) – which then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) and is oxidized for energy.
Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) is a protein homodimer which cleaves fumarylacetoacetate at its carbon-carbon bond during a hydrolysis reaction. [8] As a critical enzyme in phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism, 4-Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase catalyzes the final step in the catabolism of 4-fumarylacetoacetate and water into acetoacetate, fumarate, and H + respectively. [9]
Acetoacetyl-CoA also behaves as a product of acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase (AACS) within the cytosol, using acetoacetate as the substrate, the reaction provides acetyl groups for lipogenesis. [8] Understanding acetoacetyl-CoA is important in cholesterol development and lipogenesis and Acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase playing a role in its development ...
Ketogenesis pathway. The three ketone bodies (acetoacetate, acetone, and beta-hydroxy-butyrate) are marked within orange boxes. Ketogenesis is the biochemical process through which organisms produce ketone bodies by breaking down fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids.
The enzyme acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.11) catalyzes the reaction . acetoacetyl-CoA + H 2 O CoA + acetoacetate. This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on thioester bonds.
Acetoacetic ester synthesis is a chemical reaction where ethyl acetoacetate is alkylated at the α-carbon to both carbonyl groups and then converted into a ketone, or more specifically an α-substituted acetone. This is very similar to malonic ester synthesis. Acetoacetic ester synthesis equation