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William Stewart Halsted, M.D. (September 23, 1852 – September 7, 1922) was an American surgeon who emphasized strict aseptic technique during surgical procedures, was an early champion of newly discovered anesthetics, and introduced several new operations, including the radical mastectomy for breast cancer.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. In the early twentieth century, it was primarily treated by surgery, which is when the mastectomy was developed. [1] However, with the advancement of technology and surgical skills in recent years, mastectomies have become less invasive. [2]
Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
The Mayo Clinic Cancer Center is one of the oldest NCI-designated cancer centers in the United States, having first been designated in 1973. [3] The main location of the Mayo Clinic is in Rochester, MN. Campuses in Arizona and Florida opened later and became part of the Mayo Clinic Cancer Center in 2003. [4] [5]
Following the residency, Saphier completed an Oncologic Imaging Fellowship at the Mayo Clinic Arizona with special interest in breast imaging. [7] Saphier is a diplomate of the American Board of Radiology and a member of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)'s Advisory Committee on Breast Cancer in Young Women.
Menopause — the transition marked by 12 months without a menstrual cycle, which happens on average by age 51, per Mayo Clinic — usually prompts significant breast changes. That’s because ...
Michele Halyard's mother had breast cancer when Halyard was a child, inspiring her medical career. [2] Halyard graduated from Howard University's BS/MD program in 1984. [3] [2] She then completed her residency in Radiation Oncology at Howard University Hospital. [3] She completed her fellowship at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science. [4]
About 45% of women who inherit a harmful BRCA2 mutation will develop breast cancer by the age of 70. But not all mutations in the gene are harmful, and many are so rare that doctors don't know ...