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The Contributor Roles Ontology is an extension of the CRediT taxonomy into more specific roles. [30] An extension for clinical trials (CRediT-RCT) has been proposed. [31] Other taxonomies have been created that may be more suitable to other fields, such as the Taxonomy of Digital Research Activities in the Humanities (TaDiRAH). [32]
Known as CRediT (Contributor Roles Taxonomy), this is an example of a flat, non-hierarchical taxonomy; however, it does include an optional, broad classification of the degree of contribution: lead, equal or supporting. Amy Brand and co-authors summarise their intended outcome as:
From the late 17th century to the 1920s, sole authorship was the norm, and the one-paper-one-author model worked well for distributing credit. [15] Today, shared authorship is common in most academic disciplines, [ 16 ] [ 17 ] with the exception of the humanities, where sole authorship is still the predominant model.
An alternative to the current authorship system is the CRediT taxonomy, a taxonomy describing 14 distinctive categories (e.g., conceptualization of the project, administration of the project, funding acquisition, investigation) that represent the roles typically played by contributors in a scientific project.
In taxonomy, an author citation refers to the person or group of people who validly published a taxon. The rules and formats of author citations vary in each discipline: Author citation (botany) Author citation (zoology) More generally, "author citation" may also refer to author-date referencing, a type of parenthetical referencing
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Catalogers assign each subject—such as author, topic, series, or corporation—a particular unique identifier or heading term which is then used consistently, uniquely, and unambiguously for all references to that same subject, which removes variations from different spellings, transliterations, pen names, or aliases. [10]
The individual contributions made by authors to a joint work need not necessarily be equal in quality or quantity. [8] Nevertheless, the author has to show that his contribution to the joint work is copyrightable by itself. [7] [9] A contribution of mere ideas is not sufficient. [10] In order to be a joint author, one must contribute expression ...