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Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. GISTs arise in the smooth muscle pacemaker interstitial cell of Cajal, or similar cells. [2] They are defined as tumors whose behavior is driven by mutations in the KIT gene (85%), [2] PDGFRA gene (10%), [2] or BRAF kinase (rare).
The prognosis for these types of tumors depends heavily on the size of the tumor and the rate of mitosis, however approximately 60 percent of GISTs are diagnosed as benign. [4] Surgery to remove the tumor is the primary treatment method, although imatinib, everolimus, and rapamycin may soon be approved as alternative treatment and management ...
The tumor microenvironment is a complex system of various tumor cells, stromal cells, and immune cells. [1] The tumor microenvironment is a complex ecosystem surrounding a tumor, composed of cancer cells, stromal tissue (including blood vessels, immune cells, fibroblasts and signaling molecules) and the extracellular matrix.
Cancer of the stomach, also called gastric cancer, is the fourth-most-common type of cancer and the second-highest cause of cancer death globally. [2] Eastern Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia) is a high-risk area for gastric cancer, and North America, Australia, New Zealand and western and northern Africa are areas with low risk. [5]
SRCC cancers are usually diagnosed during the late stages of the disease, so the tumors generally spread more aggressively than non-signet cancers, making treatment challenging. [19] In the future, case studies indicate that bone marrow metastases will likely play a larger role in the diagnosis and management of signet ring cell gastric cancer ...
Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor (DSRCT) is an aggressive and rare cancer that primarily occurs as masses in the abdomen. [4] Other areas affected may include the lymph nodes, the lining of the abdomen, diaphragm, spleen, liver, chest wall, skull, spinal cord, large intestine, small intestine, bladder, brain, lungs, testicles, ovaries, and the pelvis.
In a benign tumor, the proliferated cells stay in one location where they do not impact or spread to other surrounding tissues. Malignant tumors, on the other hand, are capable of spreading throughout the entire body, causing new tumors to appear. This process is called metastasis, and is a hallmark of cancerous tumors. [2]
A bone tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue in bone, traditionally classified as noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant). [1] [4] Cancerous bone tumors usually originate from a cancer in another part of the body such as from lung, breast, thyroid, kidney and prostate. [1] There may be a lump, pain, or neurological signs from pressure. [1]