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  2. Curvature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvature

    The normal curvature, k n, is the curvature of the curve projected onto the plane containing the curve's tangent T and the surface normal u; the geodesic curvature, k g, is the curvature of the curve projected onto the surface's tangent plane; and the geodesic torsion (or relative torsion), τ r, measures the rate of change of the surface ...

  3. Torsion of a curve - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_of_a_curve

    Let r = r(t) be the parametric equation of a space curve. Assume that this is a regular parametrization and that the curvature of the curve does not vanish. Analytically, r(t) is a three times differentiable function of t with values in R 3 and the vectors ′ (), ″ are linearly independent.

  4. Frenet–Serret formulas - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenet–Serret_formulas

    A space curve; the vectors T, N, B; and the osculating plane spanned by T and N. In differential geometry, the Frenet–Serret formulas describe the kinematic properties of a particle moving along a differentiable curve in three-dimensional Euclidean space, or the geometric properties of the curve itself irrespective of any motion.

  5. Osculating circle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osculating_circle

    An osculating circle is a circle that best approximates the curvature of a curve at a specific point. It is tangent to the curve at that point and has the same curvature as the curve at that point. [2] The osculating circle provides a way to understand the local behavior of a curve and is commonly used in differential geometry and calculus.

  6. Radius of curvature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius_of_curvature

    In differential geometry, the radius of curvature, R, is the reciprocal of the curvature. For a curve, it equals the radius of the circular arc which best approximates the curve at that point. For surfaces, the radius of curvature is the radius of a circle that best fits a normal section or combinations thereof. [1] [2] [3]

  7. Curl (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curl_(mathematics)

    The curl of a vector field F, denoted by curl F, or , or rot F, is an operator that maps C k functions in R 3 to C k−1 functions in R 3, and in particular, it maps continuously differentiable functions R 3 → R 3 to continuous functions R 3 → R 3. It can be defined in several ways, to be mentioned below:

  8. Intrinsic equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic_equation

    The Cesàro equation is obtained as a relation between arc length and curvature. The equation of a circle (including a line) for example is given by the equation κ ( s ) = 1 r {\displaystyle \kappa (s)={\tfrac {1}{r}}} where s {\displaystyle s} is the arc length, κ {\displaystyle \kappa } the curvature and r {\displaystyle r} the radius of ...

  9. Gaussian curvature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_curvature

    At a point p on a regular surface in R 3, the Gaussian curvature is also given by = (), where S is the shape operator. A useful formula for the Gaussian curvature is Liouville's equation in terms of the Laplacian in isothermal coordinates.