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  2. Specific weight - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_weight

    Saturated unit weight The unit weight of a soil when all void spaces of the soil are completely filled with water, with no air. The formula for saturated unit weight is: = (+) + where γ s is the saturated unit weight of the material; γ w is the unit weight of water; G s is the specific gravity of the solid; e is the void ratio [3] Submerged ...

  3. Bearing capacity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearing_capacity

    γ′ is the effective unit weight when saturated or the total unit weight when not fully saturated. B is the width or the diameter of the foundation. φ′ is the effective internal angle of friction. K pγ is obtained graphically. Simplifications have been made to eliminate the need for K pγ. One such was done by Coduto, given below, and it ...

  4. Soil - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil

    Cation-exchange capacity is the amount of exchangeable cations per unit weight of dry soil and is expressed in terms of milliequivalents of positively charged ions per 100 grams of soil (or centimoles of positive charge per kilogram of soil; cmol c /kg).

  5. Hydraulic conductivity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_conductivity

    Hydraulic conductivity has units with dimensions of length per time (e.g., m/s, ft/day and (gal/day)/ft 2); transmissivity then has units with dimensions of length squared per time. The following table gives some typical ranges (illustrating the many orders of magnitude which are likely) for K values.

  6. Water content - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_content

    Fully saturated soil, equivalent to effective porosity: Field capacity: θ fc: −33 0.1–0.35 Soil moisture 2–3 days after a rain or irrigation Permanent wilting point: θ pwp or θ wp: −1500 0.01–0.25 Minimum soil moisture at which a plant wilts Residual water content θ r: −∞ 0.001–0.1 Remaining water at high tension

  7. Soil mechanics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_mechanics

    where is the acceleration due to gravity, and is the unit weight of the overlying layer. If there are multiple layers of soil or water above the point of interest, the vertical stress may be calculated by summing the product of the unit weight and thickness of all of the overlying layers.

  8. Lateral earth pressure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_earth_pressure

    An example of lateral earth pressure overturning a retaining wall. The lateral earth pressure is the pressure that soil exerts in the horizontal direction. It is important because it affects the consolidation behavior and strength of the soil and because it is considered in the design of geotechnical engineering structures such as retaining walls, basements, tunnels, deep foundations and ...

  9. Physical properties of soil - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_properties_of_soil

    Soil heat flux refers to the rate at which heat energy moves through the soil in response to a temperature difference between two points in the soil. The heat flux density is the amount of energy that flows through soil per unit area per unit time and has both magnitude and direction. For the simple case of conduction into or out of the soil in ...