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Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) is an enzyme found primarily in the adrenal medulla that converts norepinephrine (noradrenaline) to epinephrine (adrenaline). [1] It is also expressed in small groups of neurons in the human brain [ 2 ] and in selected populations of cardiomyocytes .
In appearance, phenylethanolamine is a white solid. Phenylethanolamine is perhaps best known in the field of bioscience as part of the enzyme name "phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase", referring to an enzyme which is responsible for the conversion of norepinephrine into epinephrine, as well as other related transformations. [3]
6A is an enzyme that catalyzes chemical reaction as following: [9] S-adenosyl-L-methionine + DNA adenine S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + DNA 6-methylaminopurine m6A was primarily found in prokaryotes until 2015 when it was also identified in some eukaryotes. m6A methyltransferases methylate the amino group in DNA at C-6 position specifically to ...
In still other neurons in which epinephrine is the transmitter, a third enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) converts norepinephrine into epinephrine. Thus, a cell that uses epinephrine as its transmitter contains four enzymes (TH, AADC, DBH, and PNMT), whereas norepinephrine neurons contain only three enzymes (lacking PNMT) and ...
In mammals, phenethylamine is produced from the amino acid L-phenylalanine by the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase via enzymatic decarboxylation. [14] In addition to its presence in mammals, phenethylamine is found in many other organisms and foods, such as chocolate , especially after microbial fermentation .
Dopamine is converted into norepinephrine by the enzyme dopamine β-hydroxylase, with O 2 and L-ascorbic acid as cofactors. [25] Norepinephrine is converted into epinephrine by the enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase with S-adenosyl-L-methionine as the cofactor. [25] Some of the cofactors also require their own synthesis. [25]
N-Methylphenethylamine (NMPEA) is a naturally occurring trace amine neuromodulator in humans that is derived from the trace amine, phenethylamine (PEA). [2] [3] It has been detected in human urine (<1 μg over 24 hours) [4] and is produced by phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase with phenethylamine as a substrate, which significantly increases PEA's effects.
Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (abbreviated PEMT) is a transferase enzyme (EC 2.1.1.17) which converts phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to phosphatidylcholine (PC) in the liver. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] In humans it is encoded by the PEMT gene within the Smith–Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17 .