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The crosstie spacing of mainline railroad is approximately 19 to 19.5 inches (48 to 50 cm) for wood ties or 24 inches (61 cm) for concrete ties. The number of ties is 3,250 wooden crossties per mile (2,019 ties/km, or 40 ties per 65 feet) for wood ties or 2,640 ties per mile for concrete ties.
The tie in a cavity wall [1] [2] is a component used to tie the internal and external walls (or leaves)—constructed of bricks or cement blocks—together, making the two parts to act as a homogeneous unit. It is placed in the cavity wall during construction and spans the cavity. The ends of the tie are designed to lock into the mortar. Also ...
The bond stones seen on the end of the right wall extend across the width of this tall, battered, dry-stone wall. A perpend stone, perpend (parpen, parpend, perpin, and other spellings), [1] through stone, bond stone, or tie stone is a stone that extends through an entire wall's width, from the outer to the inner wall.
These two walls are fastened together with metal ties or bonding blocks. [7] The ties strengthen the cavity wall. The water barrier is a water-resistant membrane, either applied to the inner side of the cavity as a film or as a troweled or sprayed liquid. Weep holes in masonry wall. The flashing component is important. [8]
Because the masonry veneer is non-structural, it must be tied back to the building structure to prevent movement under wind and earthquake loads. Brick ties are used for this purpose, and may take the form of corrugated metal straps nailed or screwed to the structural framing, or as wire extensions to horizontal joint reinforcement in a fully masonry veneer or cavity wall.
In this context, the brick masonry is primarily decorative, not structural. The brick veneer is generally connected to the structural wall by brick ties (metal strips that are attached to the structural wall, as well as the mortar joints of the brick veneer). There is typically an air gap between the brick veneer and the structural wall.
The ACI codebook puts an upward limit on the spacing between ties. ACI Code 7.10.5: Vertical spacing of ties shall not exceed 16 longitudinal bar diameters, 48 tie bar or wire diameters, or least dimension of the compression member. If the ties are spaced too far apart, the column will experience shearfailure and barrel in between the ties. [4]
A brick cut to three-quarters of its length, and laid flat with its short side exposed. Half bat A brick cut in half across its length, and laid flat. Queen closer A brick cut in half down its width, and laid with its smallest face exposed and standing vertically. A queen closer is often used for the purpose of creating a lap. [16]