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The scientific definition of hyperdontia is "any tooth or odontogenic structure that is formed from tooth germ in excess of usual number for any given region of the dental arch." [2] The additional teeth, which may be few or many, can occur on any place in the dental arch. Their arrangement may be symmetrical or non-symmetrical.
The American Dental Association uses the term oral and maxillofacial pathology, and describes it as "the specialty of dentistry and pathology which deals with the nature, identification, and management of diseases affecting the oral and maxillofacial regions. It is a science that investigates the causes, processes and effects of these diseases."
The most commonly involved tooth in localized microdontia is the maxillary lateral incisor, which may also be shaped like an inverted cone (a "peg lateral"). [3] Peg laterals typically occur on both sides, [2] and have short roots. [2] Inheritance may be involved, [2] and the frequency of microdontia in the upper laterals is just under 1%. [1]
Most of the principal terms can be combined using their corresponding combining forms (such as mesio-for mesial and disto-for distal). They provide names for directions (vectors) and axes; for example, the coronoapical axis is the long axis of a tooth. Such combining yields terms such as those in the following list.
Cysts of the jaws are cysts—pathological epithelial-lined cavities filled with fluid or soft material—occurring on the bones of the jaws, the mandible and maxilla.Those are the bones with the highest prevalence of cysts in the human body, due to the abundant amount of epithelial remnants that can be left in the bones of the jaws.
Expansion of the cyst causes erosion of the floor of the maxillary sinus. As soon as it enters the maxillary antrum, the expansion rate increases due to available space for expansion. Performing a percussion test by tapping the affected teeth will cause shooting pain. This is often clinically diagnostic of pulpal infection. [citation needed]
Clinically, buccal exostoses appear as single, broad-based masses, usually situated bilaterally in the premolar and molar region on the facial surface of the maxillary alveolar bone. [11] The mass is generally smooth although in some cases a sharp, bony prominence may be present resulting in tenderness beneath the mucosa. [ 12 ]
In terms of history, the family history and perhaps obstetric history may be relevant, especially when features of a syndrome are present. [18]: 200 A medical and dental history is obtained for completeness. The medical history includes questions on the general health of the patient, to assess contraindications to treatment of jaw abnormality.