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Most of the initial research documenting the psychological effects of prenatal DES exposure was poorly conducted, often by mail card. Despite that, some more carefully conducted studies show a clear link to depression, [ 32 ] [ 33 ] and a more recent French study asserts that there was an 83% increase in psychological disorders for offspring ...
The side effects of cyproterone acetate (CPA), a steroidal antiandrogen and progestin, including its frequent and rare side effects, have been studied and characterized.It is generally well-tolerated and has a mild side-effect profile, regardless of dosage, when it used as a progestin or antiandrogen in combination with an estrogen such as ethinylestradiol or estradiol valerate in women.
Prenatal vitamins, also known as prenatal supplements, are vitamin and mineral supplements intended to be taken before and during pregnancy and during postnatal lactation. Although not intended to replace a healthy diet, prenatal vitamins provide women of childbearing age with nutrients recognized by various health organizations including the ...
These effects may include causing birth defects, delayed development, and intrauterine growth restriction. [66] Additionally, it raises the likelihood of various pregnancy complications , including spontaneous miscarriage , preterm birth , and puts the mother at an increased risk of medical issues such as postpartum bleeding and placental ...
[17] [4] It also has functional antiandrogenic effects by decreasing the circulating free fractions of androgens. [18] CPA is a progestin (synthetic progestogen ), or an agonist of the progesterone receptors , the biological target of progestogens like progesterone .
The newer integrated screen (formerly called F.A.S.T.E.R for First And Second Trimester Early Results) can be done at 10 plus weeks to 13 plus weeks with an ultrasound of the fetal neck (thicker nuchal skin correlates with higher risk of Down syndrome being present) and two chemicals (analytes), pregnancy-associated plasma protein A and human ...
Antenatal depression, also known as prenatal or perinatal depression, is a form of clinical depression that can affect a woman during pregnancy, and can be a precursor to postpartum depression if not properly treated.
Perineal pain after childbirth has immediate and long-term negative effects for women and their babies. These effects can interfere with breastfeeding and the care of the infant. [13] The pain from injection sites and possible episiotomy is managed by the frequent assessment of the report of pain from the mother. Pain can come from possible ...