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Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), formerly known as Steno-Fallot tetralogy, [9] is a congenital heart defect characterized by four specific cardiac defects. [4] Classically, the four defects are: [ 4 ] Pulmonary stenosis , which is narrowing of the exit from the right ventricle;
The Blalock–Thomas–Taussig shunt (BTT shunt), [1] previously known as the Blalock–Taussig Shunt (BT shunt), [2] is a surgical procedure used to increase blood flow to the lungs in some forms of congenital heart disease [3] such as pulmonary atresia and tetralogy of Fallot, which are common causes of blue baby syndrome. [3]
A diagnosis of TOF is usually made with echocardiography, which can even be done prenatally. Most patients with tetralogy of Fallot will have cardiac repair surgery in the first year of life, where the ventricular septal defect is closed with a patch, and the right ventricular outflow tract is enlarged.
Eisenmenger syndrome or Eisenmenger's syndrome is defined as the process in which a long-standing left-to-right cardiac shunt caused by a congenital heart defect (typically by a ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, or less commonly, patent ductus arteriosus) causes pulmonary hypertension [1] [2] and eventual reversal of the shunt into a cyanotic right-to-left shunt.
Trilogy of Fallot is a combination of three congenital heart defects: pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, and an atrial septal defect. [1]The first two of these are also found in the more common tetralogy of Fallot.
In tetralogy of Fallot, episodes in which infants become cyanotic are called tet spells, typically occurring during feeding or crying. [18] When older, children may squat to feel relief since this increases the systemic vascular resistance causing more blood to go towards the lungs, resulting in increased oxygenation. [18]
Early diagnosis makes possible the readiness of therapeutic dietary information, enzyme replacement therapy and organ transplants. [101] Different countries support the screening for a number of metabolic disorders ( inborn errors of metabolism (IEM)), and genetic disorders including cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy .
In 1944, Alfred Blalock at Johns Hopkins Hospital began successfully performing surgery on the great vessels around the heart to relieve the symptoms of tetralogy of Fallot, demonstrating that heart surgery could be possible. Lillehei participated in the first successful surgical repair of the heart on 2 September 1952.