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Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO), also known as obliterative bronchiolitis, constrictive bronchiolitis and popcorn lung, is a disease that results in obstruction of the smallest airways of the lungs (bronchioles) due to inflammation. [1] [6] Symptoms include a dry cough, shortness of breath, wheezing and feeling tired. [1]
Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia; Other names: Bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia, idiopathic interstitial pneumonia [1]: Micrograph showing a Masson body (off center left/bottom of the image – pale circular and paucicellular), as may be seen in cryptogenic organizing pneumonia.
If the child has not been able to feed properly due to the illness, signs of dehydration may be present. [1] Chronic bronchiolitis is more common in adults and has various causes, one of which is bronchiolitis obliterans. [5] [6] Often when people refer to bronchiolitis, they are referring to acute bronchiolitis in children. [5]
Typical symptoms are of recurrent respiratory tract infections, but some have no symptoms. [2] As a result of childhood bronchiolitis obliterans, typically following adenovirus infection, there is a reduction in blood vessels and overextended alveoli, resulting in air trapping in one or part of one lung. [1]
Assess the patient to determine if other signs or symptoms of respiratory – retractions, wheezing, nasal flaring, grunting, etc. -- or cardiac – cyanosis, irritability, edema, etc. -- distress are present. If a child has any acute distress immediate medical intervention is needed. [18] Pediatric early warning score card
An early warning system (EWS), sometimes called a between-the-flags or track-and-trigger chart, is a clinical tool used in healthcare to anticipate patient deterioration by measuring the cumulative variation in observations, most often being patient vital signs and level of consciousness. [1]
The tree-in-bud sign is a nonspecific imaging finding that implies impaction within bronchioles, the smallest airway passages in the lung. The differential for this finding includes malignant and inflammatory etiologies, either infectious or sterile.
Respiratory bronchiolitis is a lung disease associated with tobacco smoking. [1] In pathology, it is defined by the presence of " smoker's macrophages ". [ 1 ] When manifesting significant clinical symptoms it is referred to as respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD).