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In digital electronics, a level shifter, also called level converter or logic level shifter, or voltage level translator, is a circuit used to translate signals from one logic level or voltage domain to another, allowing compatibility between integrated circuits with different voltage requirements, such as TTL and CMOS.
Diagram of RS-232 signaling an uppercase "K" character as seen when probed by an oscilloscope.The RS-232 electric signaling uses active low (negative logic). The digital data representing "K" (0x4b) as 7-bit ASCII is framed as "7E1" with 1 start bit, 7 data bits, even parity, 1 stop bit.
Current mode logic (CML), or source-coupled logic (SCL), is a digital design style used both for logic gates and for board-level digital signaling of digital data. The basic principle of CML is that current from a constant current generator is steered between two alternate paths depending on whether a logic zero or logic one is being represented.
MAX232 chip in DIP-16 package The die of a MAX232 MAX232 pinout: Red: power, Yellow: charge pump capacitors, Blue: outputs, Green: inputs, Pins 9–12: TTL/CMOS I/O voltages. The MAX232 is an integrated circuit by Maxim Integrated Products, now a subsidiary of Analog Devices, that converts signals from a TIA-232 (RS-232) serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL-compatible digital logic ...
The output will be high (true) only when all gates are in the high-impedance state, and will be low (false) otherwise, like Boolean AND. When treated as active-low logic, this behaves like Boolean OR, since the output is low (true) when any input is low. See Transistor–transistor logic § Open collector wired logic.
In electronics, emitter-coupled logic (ECL) is a high-speed integrated circuit bipolar transistor logic family. ECL uses an overdriven bipolar junction transistor (BJT) differential amplifier with single-ended input and limited emitter current to avoid the saturated (fully on) region of operation and the resulting slow turn-off behavior. [ 2 ]
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This allows the designer to fabricate wired logic by connecting the open-collector outputs of several logic gates together and providing a single external pull-up resistor. If any of the logic gates becomes logic low (transistor conducting), the combined output will be low. Examples of this type of gate are the 7401 [15] and 7403 [16] series.