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People differ in the extent to which they self-handicap [8] and most research on individual differences has used the Self-Handicapping Scale (SHS). [9] [10] [11] The SHS was developed as a means of measuring individuals' tendency to employ excuses or create handicaps as a means to protect one's self-esteem.
[3] [5] To avoid the conclusion of incapability and hence maintain self-worth, some students choose to use defensive strategies such as putting in less effort and setting low standards towards the event of evaluation. [1] These strategies, which support the maintenance of self-worth, are called self-handicapping and defensive pessimism ...
Graves used a variety of names for his theory during his lifetime, ranging from the generic Levels of Human Existence in his earlier work [5] to lengthy names such as Emergent Cyclical, Phenomenological, Existential Double-Helix Levels of Existence Conception of Adult Human Behavior (1978) and Emergent Cyclical Double-Helix Model of the Adult Bio-Pyscho-Social Behaviour (1981).
Spiral Dynamics describes how value systems and worldviews emerge from the interaction of "life conditions" and the mind's capacities. [8] The emphasis on life conditions as essential to the progression through value systems is unusual among similar theories, and leads to the view that no level is inherently positive or negative, but rather is a response to the local environment, social ...
Strange loops may involve self-reference and paradox. The concept of a strange loop was proposed and extensively discussed by Douglas Hofstadter in Gödel, Escher, Bach, and is further elaborated in Hofstadter's book I Am a Strange Loop, published in 2007. A tangled hierarchy is a hierarchical consciousness system in which a strange loop appears.
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Current multicultural education theory suggests that curriculum and institutional change is required to support the development of students from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds. This is a controversial view [ 24 ] but multicultural education argues [ 25 ] that traditional curriculum does not adequately represent the history of the non ...
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