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  2. Information bias (epidemiology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/.../Information_bias_(epidemiology)

    The effect(s) of such misclassification can vary from an overestimation to an underestimation of the true value. [4] Statisticians have developed methods to adjust for this type of bias, which may assist somewhat in compensating for this problem when known and when it is quantifiable. [5]

  3. Recall bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recall_bias

    Recall bias is of particular concern in retrospective studies that use a case-control design to investigate the etiology of a disease or psychiatric condition. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] For example, in studies of risk factors for breast cancer , women who have had the disease may search their memories more thoroughly than members of the unaffected ...

  4. Berkson error model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkson_error_model

    This statistics -related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

  5. Oversampling and undersampling in data analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oversampling_and_under...

    Both oversampling and undersampling involve introducing a bias to select more samples from one class than from another, to compensate for an imbalance that is either already present in the data, or likely to develop if a purely random sample were taken. Data Imbalance can be of the following types:

  6. Information bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_bias

    Information bias (epidemiology), bias arising in a clinical study because of misclassification of the level of exposure to the agent or factor being assessed and/or misclassification of the disease or other outcome itself. Information bias (psychology), a type of cognitive bias, involving e.g. distorted evaluation of information.

  7. Reporting bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporting_bias

    Notable bias (spin) has been reported in the interpretation of results of randomized control trials, although these study designs rank top in the level-of-evidence hierarchy. [36] [37] [38] Contrastingly, a study found low prevalence of bias in the conclusions of non-randomized control trials published in high-ranking orthopedic publications. [39]

  8. Non-specific effect of vaccines - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-specific_effect_of...

    The retrospective updating method can lead to a considerable bias in vaccine studies, biasing observed mortality rate ratios towards zero (a large effect), whereas the landmark method leads to a non-specific misclassification and biases the mortality rate ratio towards unity(no effect).

  9. Bias (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias_(statistics)

    Detection bias occurs when a phenomenon is more likely to be observed for a particular set of study subjects. For instance, the syndemic involving obesity and diabetes may mean doctors are more likely to look for diabetes in obese patients than in thinner patients, leading to an inflation in diabetes among obese patients because of skewed detection efforts.