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The first HDD [11] had an average seek time of about 600 ms. [12] and by the middle 1970s, HDDs were available with seek times of about 25 ms. [13]Some early PC drives used a stepper motor to move the heads, and as a result had seek times as slow as 80–120 ms, but this was quickly improved by voice coil type actuation in the 1980s, reducing seek times to around 20 ms.
The NVM Express (NVMe) standard also supports command queuing, in a form optimized for SSDs. [17] NVMe allows multiple queues for a single controller and device, allowing at the same time much higher depths for each queue, which more closely matches how the underlying SSD hardware works. [18]
IDE(PATA), SATA, NVMe eSATA, USB, IEEE 1394: Several RAID controllers [4] Yes No Mail, sound and popup Sister utility to CrystalDiskMark. Has AAM/APM control. Defraggler: Windows: Freeware: GUI IDE(PATA), SATA eSATA, USB No Yes No No Primarily a defragmenter; supports basic S.M.A.R.T. stat display, includes the one-word summary of drive-health ...
When enabled via the AHCI controller, this allows the SATA host bus adapter to enter a low-power state during periods of inactivity, thus saving energy. The drawback to this is increased periodic latency as the drive must be re-activated and brought back on-line before it can be used, and this will often appear as a delay to the end-user.
NVM Express (NVMe): A modern interface designed specifically for SSDs, NVMe takes full advantage of the parallelism in SSDs, providing significantly lower latency and higher throughput than AHCI. [97] An M.2 (2242) solid-state-drive (SSD) connected into USB 3.0 adapter and connected to computer Mushkin Ventura, A USB that has an SSD inside
SATA 3 Gbit/s Intel's data sheet [13] claims 6,600/8,600 IOPS (80 GB/160 GB version) and 35,000 IOPS for random 4 KB writes and reads, respectively. Intel X25-E (SLC) SSD ~5,000 IOPS [14] SATA 3 Gbit/s Intel's data sheet [15] claims 3,300 IOPS and 35,000 IOPS for writes and reads, respectively. 5,000 IOPS are measured for a mix. Intel X25-E G1 ...
NVM Express over Fabrics (NVMe-oF) is the concept of using a transport protocol over a network to connect remote NVMe devices, contrary to regular NVMe where physical NVMe devices are connected to a PCIe bus either directly or over a PCIe switch to a PCIe bus.
The physical phenomena on which the device relies (such as spinning platters in a hard drive) will also impose limits; for instance, no spinning platter shipping in 2009 saturates SATA revision 2.0 (3 Gbit/s), so moving from this 3 Gbit/s interface to USB 3.0 at 4.8 Gbit/s for one spinning drive will result in no increase in realized transfer rate.