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CHEK2 (Checkpoint kinase 2) is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes the protein CHK2, a serine-threonine kinase. CHK2 is involved in DNA repair, cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Mutations to the CHEK2 gene have been linked to a wide range of cancers. [5]
Checkpoint kinase 1, commonly referred to as Chk1, is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that, in humans, is encoded by the CHEK1 gene. [5] [6] Chk1 coordinates the DNA damage response (DDR) and cell cycle checkpoint response. [7]
Recently reported estimates of the human genome-wide mutation rate. The human germline mutation rate is approximately 0.5×10 −9 per basepair per year. [1]In genetics, the mutation rate is the frequency of new mutations in a single gene, nucleotide sequence, or organism over time. [2]
An image of multiple chromosomes, taken from many cells. Plant genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity specifically in plants. [1] [2] It is generally considered a field of biology and botany, but intersects frequently with many other life sciences and is strongly linked with the study of information systems.
All germline BRCA2 mutations identified to date have been inherited, suggesting the possibility of a large "founder" effect in which a certain mutation is common to a well-defined population group and can theoretically be traced back to a common ancestor.
ATM activates (phosphorylates) CHEK2 and FANCD2 [10] CHEK2 phosphorylates BRCA1. [11] Ubiquinated FANCD2 complexes with BRCA1 and RAD51 . [ 12 ] The PALB2 protein acts as a hub, [ 13 ] bringing together BRCA1, BRCA2 and RAD51 at the site of a DNA double-strand break, and also binds to RAD51C, a member of the RAD51 paralog complex RAD51B ...
See: List of endangered plants, List of critically endangered plants. Vulnerable, Endangered, and Critically Endangered species are collectively referred to as threatened species by the IUCN. Additionally 1674 plant species (7.6% of those evaluated) are listed as Data Deficient , meaning there is insufficient information for a full assessment ...
Previously, reproductive isolation between two species and their parents was thought to be particularly difficult to achieve, and thus hybrid species were thought to be very rare. With DNA analysis becoming more accessible in the 1990s, hybrid speciation has been shown to be a somewhat common phenomenon, particularly in plants.