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Sleep is known to play an important role in the etiology and maintenance of bipolar disorder. [1] Patients with bipolar disorder often have a less stable and more variable circadian activity. [2] Circadian activity disruption can be apparent even if the person concerned is not currently ill. [3] [4]
The lifetime prevalence of BD is approximately 1% in the general population, [4] but rises to 4% when given the broader definition of bipolar spectrum disorder. As a result of the broad and complex nature of bipolar disorder, misdiagnosis is fairly common: 69% of confirmed cases are found to be initially misdiagnosed and more than a third of ...
The most common sleep-related symptom of bipolar disorder is insomnia, in addition to hypersomnia, nightmares, poor sleep quality, OSA, extreme daytime sleepiness, etc. [27] Moreover, animal models have shown that sleep debt can induce episodes of bipolar mania in laboratory mice, but these models are still limited in their potential to explain ...
Bipolar disorder is a long-term mood disorder characterized by major fluctuations in mood — both high and low — that can impact daily functioning and behavior.
Changes in daily routines place stress on the body's maintenance of sleep-wake cycles, appetite, energy, and alertness, [8] all of which are affected during mood episodes. For example, depressive symptoms include disturbed sleep patterns (sleeping too much or difficulty falling asleep), changes in appetite, fatigue, and slowed movement or ...
The poor response from some bipolar patients to treatment has given evidence to the concept of treatment-resistant bipolar disorder. [ 170 ] [ 171 ] Guidelines to the definition of treatment-resistant bipolar disorder and evidence-based options for its management were reviewed in 2020.
In bipolar disorder, specifiers describe the nature of a current episode, such as the levels of anxiety, melancholia, and psychosis, and whether moods are congruent with behavior or incongruent. [3] They also describe the ongoing nature of recurrent episodes, when they began, how often they occur, and the pattern of re-occurrence.
Low scores of 5 and below indicate a very low risk of a bipolar diagnosis. High scores of 18 and over indicate a high risk of a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, increasing the likelihood by a factor of seven or greater. [26] [5] Several peer-reviewed research studies support the P-GBI as a reliable and valid measure of bipolar in children and ...
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