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Cybernetics' central concept of circular causality is of wide applicability, leading to diverse applications and relations with other fields. Many of the initial applications of cybernetics focused on engineering, biology, and exchanges between the two, such as medical cybernetics and robotics and topics such as neural networks, heterarchy. [35]
circular causal loops rather than linear causality, self-organization, observation as part of or directly related to systems, and; reflexivity or interaction between a system and what is known about it. Holistic Symmetry in Modern Science, webtext by Gary Witherspoon, 3 April 2007.
The perceptual control theory is deeply rooted in biological cybernetics, systems biology and control theory and the related concept of feedback loops. Unlike some models in behavioral and cognitive psychology it sets out from the concept of circular causality.
The book International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics is an authoritative encyclopedia [1] for systems theory, cybernetics, the complex systems science, which covers both theories and applications in areas as engineering, biology, medicine and social sciences.
Circular cumulative causation is a theory developed by Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal who applied it systematically for the first time in 1944 (Myrdal, G. (1944), An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy, New York: Harper). It is a multi-causal approach where the core variables and their linkages are delineated.
According to George Richardson's book "Feedback Thought in Social Science and Systems Theory", [2] the first published, formal use of a causal loop diagram to describe a feedback system was Magoroh Maruyama's 1963 article "The Second Cybernetics: Deviation-Amplifying Mutual Causal Processes".
(Psycho-Cybernetics was the title of a self-help book, and is not a scientific discipline) Molecular cybernetics – cybernetics dealing with molecular systems (e.g. molecular biology cybernetics) Cellular cybernetics – cybernetics dealing with cellular systems (e.g. information technology/cell phones or biological cells)
Bateson suggested the influence of a circular system of causation, and proposed that women watched: for the spectacular performances of the men, and there can be no reasonable doubt that the presence of an audience is a very important factor in shaping the men's behavior.