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  2. Birthday problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_problem

    In probability theory, the birthday problem asks for the probability that, in a set of n randomly chosen people, at least two will share the same birthday. The birthday paradox is the counterintuitive fact that only 23 people are needed for that probability to exceed 50%.

  3. Chance constrained programming - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chance_constrained_programming

    Chance Constrained Programming involves the use of probability and confidence levels to handle uncertainty in optimization problems. It distinguishes between single and joint chance constraints: Single Chance Constraints: These constraints ensure that each individual constraint is satisfied with a certain probability.

  4. Pigeonhole principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeonhole_principle

    The birthday problem asks, for a set of n randomly chosen people, what is the probability that some pair of them will have the same birthday? The problem itself is mainly concerned with counterintuitive probabilities, but we can also tell by the pigeonhole principle that among 367 people, there is at least one pair of people who share the same ...

  5. Probabilistic programming - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_programming

    Probabilistic programming (PP) is a programming paradigm based on the declarative specification of probabilistic models, for which inference is performed automatically. [1] Probabilistic programming attempts to unify probabilistic modeling and traditional general purpose programming in order to make the former easier and more widely applicable.

  6. Determination of the day of the week - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determination_of_the_day...

    Thus, the number 7 is treated as 0, the number 8 as 1, the number 9 as 2, the number 18 as 4, and so on. If Sunday is counted as day 1, then 7 days later (i.e. day 8) is also a Sunday, and day 18 is the same as day 4, which is a Wednesday since this falls three days after Sunday (i.e. 18 mod 7 = 4). [a]

  7. Alias method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alias_method

    A diagram of an alias table that represents the probability distribution〈0.25, 0.3, 0.1, 0.2, 0.15〉 In computing, the alias method is a family of efficient algorithms for sampling from a discrete probability distribution, published in 1974 by Alastair J. Walker.

  8. Birthday attack - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_attack

    A birthday attack is a bruteforce collision attack that exploits the mathematics behind the birthday problem in probability theory. This attack can be used to abuse communication between two or more parties. The attack depends on the higher likelihood of collisions found between random attack attempts and a fixed degree of permutations ...

  9. Probabilistic logic programming - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/.../Probabilistic_logic_programming

    The probabilistic logic programming language P-Log resolves this by dividing the probability mass equally between the answer sets, following the principle of indifference. [4] [6] Alternatively, probabilistic answer set programming under the credal semantics allocates a credal set to every query. Its lower probability bound is defined by only ...