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  2. Half-reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-reaction

    A half reaction is obtained by considering the change in oxidation states of individual substances involved in the redox reaction. Often, the concept of half reactions is used to describe what occurs in an electrochemical cell, such as a Galvanic cell battery. Half reactions can be written to describe both the metal undergoing oxidation (known ...

  3. Reference electrode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_electrode

    The overall chemical reaction taking place in a cell is made up of two independent half-reactions, which describe chemical changes at the two electrodes. To focus on the reaction at the working electrode, the reference electrode is standardized with constant (buffered or saturated) concentrations of each participant of the redox reaction. [1]

  4. Table of standard reduction potentials for half-reactions ...

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_standard...

    At chemical equilibrium, the reaction quotient Q r of the product activity (a Red) by the reagent activity (a Ox) is equal to the equilibrium constant (K) of the half-reaction and in the absence of driving force (ΔG = 0) the potential (E red) also becomes nul. The numerically simplified form of the Nernst equation is expressed as:

  5. Redox - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox

    Electron transfer reactions are central to myriad processes and properties in soils, and redox potential, quantified as Eh (platinum electrode potential relative to the standard hydrogen electrode) or pe (analogous to pH as -log electron activity), is a master variable, along with pH, that controls and is governed by chemical reactions and ...

  6. Tafel equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafel_equation

    The Tafel equation was first deduced experimentally and was later shown to have a theoretical justification. The equation is named after Swiss chemist Julius Tafel. It describes how the electrical current through an electrode depends on the voltage difference between the electrode and the bulk electrolyte for a simple, unimolecular redox reaction.

  7. Saturated calomel electrode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_calomel_electrode

    The only variable in this equation is the activity (or concentration) of the chloride anion. But since the inner solution is saturated with potassium chloride, this activity is fixed by the solubility of potassium chloride, which is: ⁠ 342 g/L / 74.5513 g/mol ⁠ = 4.587 M @ 20 °C.

  8. Heterogeneous water oxidation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogeneous_Water_Oxidation

    Of the two half reactions, the oxidation step is the most demanding because it requires the coupling of 4 electron and proton transfers and the formation of an oxygen-oxygen bond. This process occurs naturally in plants photosystem II to provide protons and electrons for the photosynthesis process and release oxygen to the atmosphere, [ 1 ] as ...

  9. Oxygen reduction reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_reduction_reaction

    In chemistry, the oxygen reduction reaction refers to the reduction half reaction whereby O 2 is reduced to water or hydrogen peroxide. In fuel cells, the reduction to water is preferred because the current is higher. The oxygen reduction reaction is well demonstrated and highly efficient in nature. [1] [2]