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  2. Integrated information theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_information_theory

    Phi; the symbol used for integrated information. Integrated information theory (IIT) proposes a mathematical model for the consciousness of a system. It comprises a framework ultimately intended to explain why some physical systems (such as human brains) are conscious, [1] and to be capable of providing a concrete inference about whether any physical system is conscious, to what degree, and ...

  3. Entropy and life - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_and_life

    Research concerning the relationship between the thermodynamic quantity entropy and both the origin and evolution of life began around the turn of the 20th century. In 1910 American historian Henry Adams printed and distributed to university libraries and history professors the small volume A Letter to American Teachers of History proposing a theory of history based on the second law of ...

  4. Entropy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy

    Since an entropy is a state function, the entropy change of the system for an irreversible path is the same as for a reversible path between the same two states. [23] However, the heat transferred to or from the surroundings is different as well as its entropy change. We can calculate the change of entropy only by integrating the above formula.

  5. Boltzmann brain - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_brain

    In 1896, the mathematician Ernst Zermelo advanced a theory that the second law of thermodynamics was absolute rather than statistical. [7] Zermelo bolstered his theory by pointing out that the Poincaré recurrence theorem shows statistical entropy in a closed system must eventually be a periodic function; therefore, the Second Law, which is always observed to increase entropy, is unlikely to ...

  6. Entropy (order and disorder) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_(order_and_disorder)

    The relationship between entropy, order, and disorder in the Boltzmann equation is so clear among physicists that according to the views of thermodynamic ecologists Sven Jorgensen and Yuri Svirezhev, "it is obvious that entropy is a measure of order or, most likely, disorder in the system."

  7. Entropy as an arrow of time - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_as_an_arrow_of_time

    Entropy is one of the few quantities in the physical sciences that require a particular direction for time, sometimes called an arrow of time. As one goes "forward" in time, the second law of thermodynamics says, the entropy of an isolated system can increase, but not decrease. Thus, entropy measurement is a way of distinguishing the past from ...

  8. Free energy principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_energy_principle

    The free energy principle is a mathematical principle of information physics: much like the principle of maximum entropy or the principle of least action, it is true on mathematical grounds. To attempt to falsify the free energy principle is a category mistake, akin to trying to falsify calculus by making empirical observations. (One cannot ...

  9. Introduction to entropy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_entropy

    The entropy of the surrounding room decreases less than the entropy of the ice and water increases: the room temperature of 298 K is larger than 273 K and therefore the ratio, (entropy change), of ⁠ δQ / 298 K ⁠ for the surroundings is smaller than the ratio (entropy change), of ⁠ δQ / 273 K ⁠ for the ice and water system. This is ...