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Mandrills and baboons are monkeys; the rest of the species on this list are apes. Typically, Old World monkeys (paleotropical) are larger than New World monkeys (neotropical); the reasons for this are not entirely understood but several hypotheses have been generated. [3]
The mandrill has a stocky body with a large head and muzzle, as well as a short and stumpy tail. [19] The limbs are evenly sized and the fingers and toes are more elongated than those in baboons, [20] with a more opposable big toe on the feet. [21] The mandrill is the most sexually dimorphic primate, [22] and it is the largest monkey. [23]
The size and colour of the paranasal swellings correlate to male dominance and rank, while the size of nasal ridges is a way of attracting mates. [18] Mandrillus teeth consist of two incisors, two premolars, one canine and three molars in each half of the upper and lower jaw, totalling 32 teeth. [ 5 ]
The largest is the male mandrill, around 70 centimetres (28 in) in length, and weighing up to 50 kilograms (110 lb) [6] Old World monkeys have a variety of facial features; some have snouts, some are flat-nosed, and many exhibit coloration. Most have tails, but they are not prehensile.
Baboons vary in size and weight depending on the species. The smallest, the Kinda baboon , is 50 cm (20 in) in length and weighs only 14 kg (31 lb), while the largest, the chacma baboon , is up to 120 cm (47 in) in length and weighs 40 kg (88 lb).
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Baboons are able to effortlessly transition from walking on four legs to two in less than a second without breaking their stride – despite being four-footed, scientists have found.
Though brain size isn’t a perfect predictor of neuron numbers, a much smaller organ would have far fewer than the 3 billion neurons Herculano-Houzel projected.