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Achieving high efficiency in the system requires extensive engineering design to balance between the heat flow through the modules and maximizing the temperature gradient across them. To do this, designing heat exchanger technologies in the system is one of the most important aspects of TEG engineering.
The heating element inside every electric heater is an electrical resistor, and works on the principle of Joule heating: an electric current passing through a resistor will convert that electrical energy into heat energy. Most modern electric heating devices use nichrome wire as the active element; the heating element, depicted on the right ...
Air source heat pumps are the most common models, while other types include ground source heat pumps, water source heat pumps and exhaust air heat pumps. [3] Large-scale heat pumps are also used in district heating systems. [4] The efficiency of a heat pump is expressed as a coefficient of performance (COP), or seasonal coefficient of ...
Ground-source heat pumps are more efficient than air-source models. But they are typically more expensive and less commonly used, as they require a deep bore hole, or a horizontal system dug into ...
A counter flow heat exchanger is the most efficient type of heat exchanger in transferring heat energy from one circuit to the other [citation needed]. However, for a more complete picture of heat exchanger efficiency, exergetic considerations must be taken into account. Thermal efficiencies of an internal combustion engine are typically higher ...
90–95% (multiply by the energy efficiency of electricity generation to compare with other water-heating systems) Electric heater: Electrical to thermal ~100% (essentially all energy is converted into heat, multiply by the energy efficiency of electricity generation to compare with other heating systems) Others: Firearm: Chemical to kinetic
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