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Following the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 the transportation of convicts increased rapidly and the number of free settlers grew steadily. [79] From 1821 to 1840, 55,000 convicts arrived in New South Wales and 60,000 in Van Diemen's Land. However, by 1830, free settlers and the locally born exceeded the convict population of New South ...
The growing population of free settlers, former convicts and Australian-born currency lads and lasses led to public demands for representative government. Penal transportation to New South Wales ended in 1840 and a semi-elected Legislative Council was established in 1842.
Western Australia – established as the Swan River Colony in 1829 – initially was intended solely for free settlers, but commenced receiving convicts in 1850. South Australia and Victoria , established in 1836 and 1850 respectively, officially remained free colonies.
[23] [25] This is the date Queen Victoria revoked the letters patent establishing North Australia, but it was not proclaimed in Australia until 16 January 1849. 1 July 1851 The portion of New South Wales south of the Murray River and a line from the headwaters of the river to Cape Howe was made the Colony of Victoria. [26] 1 January 1856
Free trade with other states led to an influx of manufactured imports from New South Wales and Victoria, resulting in a contraction of employment within Queensland's less competitive manufacturing sector. [33] The Trackson was an Australian automobile built in Brisbane. [34] In 1901, the Chillagoe smelters commenced operations. [35]
The small settlement of Perth, founded in 1829 on the Swan River in Western Australia by free settlers, failed to prosper and asked for convicts. In contrast, South Australia , with its capital Adelaide founded in 1836, and Victoria , with its capital Melbourne founded in 1839, were settled only by free settlers.
The European settlement of Australia began on 26 January 1788 at Port Jackson (modern Sydney, New South Wales), when the First Fleet arrived with more than 1,000 convicts, marines and a few free settlers, plus a vast quantity of stores to establish a penal colony in New South Wales.
16 January – Bellona arrives with Australia's first free settlers. 22 January – The French d'Entrecasteaux expedition returns to Recherche Bay, Tasmania, to rewater and rest. 12 February – John Macarthur is granted 100 acres (0.40 km 2) of land at Parramatta. 16 February – John Macarthur is appointed by Grose as inspector of public works.