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The third segment scrutinizes the ulama's authority through the institutional lens of madrasas, shedding light on reform initiatives and a renewed conception of religion as a distinct social sphere. [10] The fourth chapter, "Conceptions of the Islamic State," delves into the ulama's nuanced understanding of their role in political Islam.
The historian al-Tabari transmits a tradition attributed to Caliph Uthman, who stated that the road to Constantinople was through Hispania, "Only through Spain can Constantinople be conquered. If you conquer [Spain] you will share the reward of those who conquer [Constantinople]". The conquest of Hispania followed the conquest of the Maghreb. [7]
The first spread of Sufi spirituality can be traced back to Ibn Masarra (883-931), who wrote works in the line of Mutazilism and Batimi Sufism. [1] His text are lost and what is known about them is due mainly to the work of a later disciple, Ibn al-A'rabi (1165-1240).
On his first visit to Spain, Caliph V urged local Ahmadis to make special effort to convey the teachings of Islam and Ahmadiyya to the people of Spain. [4] On March 26, 2013, the caliph arrived for another visit in order to inaugurate another mosque of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, in Valencia to which he gave the name Baitur Rahman Mosque.
The influence of the Oran fatwa was limited to Spain: [6] Outside the Iberian Peninsula, the predominant opinion upheld the requirements of Islamic law and required Muslims to emigrate, or even choose martyrdom, when the orthodox observance of the religion became impossible. [6] [7]
Islam was a major religion on the Iberian Peninsula, beginning with the Umayyad conquest of Hispania and ending (at least overtly) with its prohibition by the modern Spanish state in the mid-16th century and the expulsion of the Moriscos in the early 17th century, an ethnic and religious minority of around 500,000 people. [2]
One example is the Jewish scholar and physician Hasdai ibn Shaprut, who served as a diplomat of the Umayyad government. Many Jews living in the cities also became involved in trade as merchants. Under the Caliphate of Cordoba, Jews experienced [A Golden Age of Jewish Culture] within Spain, in which Jewish scholars, philosophers, and poets ...
1504 – The Oran fatwa was issued, following the forced conversion of 1501–1502, providing the basis of the secret practice of Islam in Spain. [9] 1516 – King Charles I, the grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella, rises to the throne of both Castile and Aragon. With the conquest of Granada and Iberian Navarre, the modern state of Spain is ...