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This leads the stance on certain scientific topics to be very different across the board as perceptions vary from person to person, this is the ultimate reason why scientific controversy exists, to begin with. Science-related controversies all follow similar characteristics. Conflict over personal beliefs, values, and interests; Public perception
1655–1679 Hobbes–Wallis controversy, between Thomas Hobbes and John Wallis on geometry and other topics. [5]1745 Leibniz–Bernoulli correspondence, between Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Johann Bernoulli on the logarithm of negative numbers.
A Lancet review on Handling of Scientific Misconduct in Scandinavian countries gave examples of policy definitions. In Denmark, scientific misconduct is defined as "intention[al] negligence leading to fabrication of the scientific message or a false credit or emphasis given to a scientist", and in Sweden as "intention[al] distortion of the ...
Though there are many approximate solutions (such as Welch's t-test), the problem continues to attract attention [4] as one of the classic problems in statistics. Multiple comparisons: There are various ways to adjust p-values to compensate for the simultaneous or sequential testing of hypotheses. Of particular interest is how to simultaneously ...
To say climate science is a "matter of public debate" and to evade questions about the threats posed by climate change is a problematic stance for any adult who is likely to assume a position of ...
1604-1777 discovery of oxygen: Joseph Priestley, Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier [27]; 1864 synthesis dicarboxylic acids from carboxylic acids (diacids from monoacid reactions): Hugo Müller, Hermann Kolbe, Hans Hübner, Friedrich Konrad Beilstein, Maxwell Simpson.
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Replication is one of the central issues in any empirical science. To confirm results or hypotheses by a repetition procedure is at the basis of any scientific conception. A replication experiment to demonstrate that the same findings can be obtained in any other place by any other researcher is conceived as an operationalization of objectivity.