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Synthetic repellents tend to be more effective and/or longer lasting than "natural" repellents. [1] [2]For protection against ticks and mosquito bites, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommends DEET, icaridin (picaridin, KBR 3023), oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE), para-menthane-diol (PMD), IR3535 and 2-undecanone with the caveat that higher percentages of the active ingredient ...
DEET is effective against a variety of invertebrates, including ticks, flies, mosquitos, and some parasitic worms. [3]A 2018 systematic review found no consistent performance difference between DEET and icaridin in field studies and concluded that they are equally preferred mosquito repellents, noting that 50% DEET offers longer protection but is not available in some countries.
Mosquito control is a vital public-health practice throughout the world and especially in the tropics because mosquitoes spread many diseases, such as malaria and the Zika virus. Mosquito-control operations are targeted to multiple problems: Nuisance mosquitoes bother people around homes or in parks and recreational areas;
Mosquitoes, the Culicidae, are a family of small flies consisting of 3,600 species. The word mosquito (formed by mosca and diminutive-ito) [2] is Spanish and Portuguese for little fly. [3] Mosquitoes have a slender segmented body, one pair of wings, three pairs of long hair-like legs, and specialized, highly elongated, piercing-sucking mouthparts.
Citronella oil is also a plant-based insect repellent and has been registered for this use in the United States since 1948. [2] The United States Environmental Protection Agency considers oil of citronella as a biopesticide with a non-toxic mode of action. [3] Citronella oil has strong antifungal properties. [4] [5] [6]
[10] [11] Four chemicals isolated from Callicarpa have been shown to act as insect repellents: borneol, [12] callicarpenal, intermedeol, and spathulenol. [13] The use of callicarpenal has been patented by the United States Department of Agriculture's Agriculture Research Service as a mosquito repellent. [10]
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