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Drug-induced pigmentation of the skin may occur as a consequence of drug administration, and the mechanism may be postinflammatory hyperpigmentation in some cases, but frequently is related to actual deposition of the offending drug in the skin. [2]: 125–6 The incidence of this change varies, and depends on the type of medication involved.
The causes of alcohol abuse are complex and multi-faceted. Alcohol abuse is related to economic and biological origins and is associated with adverse health consequences. [45] Peer pressure influences individuals to abuse alcohol; however, most of the influence of peers is due to inaccurate perceptions of the risks of alcohol abuse. [48]
Misuse, problem use, abuse, and heavy use of alcohol refer to improper use of alcohol, which may cause physical, social, or moral harm to the drinker. [108] The Dietary Guidelines for Americans , issued by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in 2005, defines "moderate use" as no more than two alcoholic beverages a day for men and ...
Pellagra is a disease caused by a lack of the vitamin niacin (vitamin B 3). [2] Symptoms include inflamed skin, diarrhea, dementia, and sores in the mouth. [1] Areas of the skin exposed to friction and radiation are typically affected first. [1] Over time affected skin may become darker, stiffen, peel, or bleed. [1] [3]
The hepatic metabolism of excess alcohol leads to an increase in the level of endogenous toxins, [36] such as methanol, which is often present in homemade alcohol [37] This causes swelling of the eye and optic nerve and damage to the retina, especially in people who have underlying liver disease or who are already at risk for retinopathy due to ...
Another factor is the acute intoxicating effects of the drugs may make suicide more likely to occur. Suicide is also very common in adolescent alcohol abusers, with 1 in 4 suicides in adolescents being related to alcohol abuse. [26] In the US, approximately 30% of suicides are related to alcohol abuse.
Developments in research continue to reshape the human's understanding of addiction. Traditionally, addiction was largely associated with substance-use disorders, including alcohol and heroin, and therefore “non-substance-related (behavioral) addiction” was not listed in the two internationally used diagnostic manuals for mental disorders.
The mission of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism is to generate and disseminate fundamental knowledge about the effects of alcohol on health and well-being, and apply that knowledge to improve diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of alcohol-related problems, including alcohol use disorder, across the lifespan. [4]