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NPH was first described by neurosurgeon Salomón Hakim in 1957 at the Hospital San Juan de Dios, located in Bogotá, Colombia. Hakim was contacted by the family of a 16-year-old male patient who, after suffering from severe head trauma in a motor vehicle accident, remained semi-comatose after surgery to relieve pressure from a subdural hematoma .
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) most often occurs in elderly patients with symptoms including gait disturbance, urinary incontinence, and cognitive issues. [33] It is commonly divided into two categories, idiopathic NPH (with unknown cause) and secondary NPH (due to trauma, hemorrhage, etc.).
Most famous parts of the brain highlighted in different colours The human brain anatomical regions are ordered following standard neuroanatomy hierarchies. Functional , connective , and developmental regions are listed in parentheses where appropriate.
The natriuretic peptide CNP was initially discovered in pig brain extracts. Most CNP is found in the brain, although it can also be found in chondrocytes and the blood vessel lining cells. The human gene for CNP (NPPC), in contrast to the genes for ANP and BNP, is located on chromosome 2 and consists of just two exons and one intron. [3]
NPH insulin, an intermediate-acting insulin; National Pediatric Hospital, Cambodia, a government-run pediatric hospital in Phnom Penh; Normal pressure hydrocephalus, a condition of excessive fluid in the brain
These form the ventricular system of the brain: [8] The neural stem cells of the developing brain, principally radial glial cells, line the developing ventricular system in a transient zone called the ventricular zone. [9] The prosencephalon divides into the telencephalon, which forms the cortex of the developed brain, and the diencephalon.
The vasomotor center is a collection of integrating neurons in the medulla oblongata of the middle brain stem.The term "vasomotor center" is not truly accurate, since this function relies not on a single brain structure ("center") but rather represents a network of interacting neurons.
The BNP test is also used for the risk stratification of patients with acute coronary syndromes. [42] [43] When interpreting an elevated BNP level, values may be elevated due to factors other than heart failure. Lower levels are often seen in obese patients. [44] Higher levels are seen in those with renal disease, in the absence of heart failure.