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The input to the bcrypt function is the password string (up to 72 bytes), a numeric cost, and a 16-byte (128-bit) salt value. The salt is typically a random value. The bcrypt function uses these inputs to compute a 24-byte (192-bit) hash. The final output of the bcrypt function is a string of the form:
The bcrypt password hashing function requires a larger amount of RAM (but still not tunable separately, i.e. fixed for a given amount of CPU time) and is significantly stronger against such attacks, [13] while the more modern scrypt key derivation function can use arbitrarily large amounts of memory and is therefore more resistant to ASIC and ...
A number of modes of operation have been designed to combine secrecy and authentication in a single cryptographic primitive. Examples of such modes are , [12] integrity-aware cipher block chaining (IACBC) [clarification needed], integrity-aware parallelizable mode (IAPM), [13] OCB, EAX, CWC, CCM, and GCM.
Key stretching algorithms depend on an algorithm which receives an input key and then expends considerable effort to generate a stretched cipher (called an enhanced key [citation needed]) mimicking randomness and longer key length.
Blowfish is a symmetric-key block cipher, designed in 1993 by Bruce Schneier and included in many cipher suites and encryption products. Blowfish provides a good encryption rate in software, and no effective cryptanalysis of it has been found to date for smaller files.
In Unix computing, crypt or enigma is a utility program used for encryption. Due to the ease of breaking it, it is considered to be obsolete. The program is usually used as a filter, and it has traditionally been implemented using a "rotor machine" algorithm based on the Enigma machine.
Where typical KDFs produce variable length outputs, the bcrypt paper describes a function that only produces a 192-bit output, and in practice bcrypt produces 184-bits. This can't even be used to derive e.g. a 256-bit encryption key (or multiple 128-bit keys from a single input).
Torch was a Chromium-based web browser and Internet suite developed by the North Carolina–based Torch Media. [3] As of November 2022, downloads for Torch are no longer available, and upon clicking the download button, users are redirected to the Torch Search extension on the Chrome Web Store.