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Early models consisted of a monitoring box with a set of electrode leads which attached to the chest. The first wireless EKG heart rate monitor was invented in 1977 by Polar Electro as a training aid for the Finnish National Cross Country Ski team. As "intensity training" became a popular concept in athletic circles in the mid-80s, retail sales ...
Polar Electro Oy (commonly known as Polar) is a Finnish manufacturer of sports training computers, particularly known for developing the world's first wireless heart rate monitor. [ 1 ] The company is based in Kempele , Finland and was founded in 1977.
Neural Polar Decoders (NPDs) [14] are an advancement in channel coding that combine neural networks (NNs) with polar codes, providing unified decoding for channels with or without memory, without requiring an explicit channel model. They use four neural networks to approximate the functions of polar decoding: the embedding (E) NN, the check ...
The binary signal is encoded using rectangular pulse-amplitude modulation with polar return-to-zero code. Return-to-zero (RZ or RTZ) describes a line code used in telecommunications signals in which the signal drops (returns) to zero between pulses. This takes place even if a number of consecutive 0s or 1s occur in the signal. The signal is ...
Each transmitted code word in a constant-weight code is designed such that every code word that contains some positive or negative levels also contains enough of the opposite levels, such that the average level over each code word is zero. Examples of constant-weight codes include Manchester code and Interleaved 2 of 5. Use a paired disparity ...
The RM(0, m) code is the repetition code of length N =2 m and weight N = 2 m−0 = 2 m−r. By 1 (,) = and has weight 1 = 2 0 = 2 m−r. The article bar product (coding theory) gives a proof that the weight of the bar product of two codes C 1, C 2 is given by
The binary signal is encoded using rectangular pulse-amplitude modulation with polar NRZ(L), or polar non-return-to-zero-level code. In telecommunications, a non-return-to-zero (NRZ) line code is a binary code in which ones are represented by one significant condition, usually a positive voltage, while zeros are represented by some other significant condition, usually a negative voltage, with ...
As with other codes, the maximum likelihood decoding of an LDPC code on the binary symmetric channel is an NP-complete problem, [24] shown by reduction from 3-dimensional matching. So assuming P != NP , which is widely believed, then performing optimal decoding for an arbitrary code of any useful size is not practical.