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French orthography encompasses the spelling and punctuation of the French language.It is based on a combination of phonemic and historical principles. The spelling of words is largely based on the pronunciation of Old French c. 1100 –1200 AD, and has stayed more or less the same since then, despite enormous changes to the pronunciation of the language in the intervening years.
The Cross of Lorraine (French: Croix de Lorraine), known as the Cross of Anjou in the 16th century, is a heraldic two-barred cross, consisting of a vertical line crossed by two shorter horizontal bars. In most renditions, the horizontal bars are "graded" with the upper bar being the shorter, though variations with the bars of equal length are ...
Spelling and punctuation before the 16th century was highly erratic, but the introduction of printing in 1470 provoked the need for uniformity.. Several Renaissance humanists (working with publishers) proposed reforms in French orthography, the most famous being Jacques Peletier du Mans who developed a phonemic-based spelling system and introduced new typographic signs (1550).
10th century–12th century: Banner of the Kingdom of France: 12th century–13th century: Banner of the Kingdom of France: 14th century–16th century: Banner of the Kingdom of France: 1365–1792 1815–1830: Flag of the Kingdom of France & the Bourbon Restoration: 1791–1814: Flag of Armée des Émigrés: 1793–1800: Type of Catholic and ...
French heraldry is the use of heraldic symbols in France. Although it had a considerable history, existing from the 12th century, such formality has largely died out in France, as far as regulated personal heraldry is concerned.
The straight or curved macron above a letter means that an n or m is missing. A remnant can be seen in Spanish where an n with a tilde is used for . In Visigoth texts before the 9th century, however, a dot is placed above the macron to indicate m, and the same mark without a dot meant n. The line with a dot became the general mark after the 9th ...
The circumflex first appeared in written French in the 16th century. It was borrowed from Ancient Greek, and combines the acute accent and the grave accent.Grammarian Jacques Dubois (known as Sylvius) is the first writer known to have used the Greek symbol in his writing (although he wrote in Latin).
The Occitan cross (Occitan: crotz occitana [ˈkɾuts utsiˈtanɔ] ⓘ), also called cross of Occitania (crotz d'Occitània), cross of Languedoc (crotz de Lengadòc) or cross of Toulouse (crotz de Tolosa), [a] heraldically "cross cleché, pommettée and voided", is a heraldic cross, today chiefly used as a symbol of Occitania.