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Psychiatry. Caffeine dependence is a condition characterized by a set of criteria, including tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to control use, and continued use despite knowledge of adverse consequences attributed to caffeine. [1] It can appear in physical dependence or psychological dependence, or both.
Caffeine. Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class and is the most commonly consumed psychoactive substance globally. [9][10] It is mainly used for its eugeroic (wakefulness promoter), ergogenic (physical performance enhancing), or nootropic (cognition improving) properties. [11][12] Caffeine acts by ...
The term nootropic is derived from Ancient Greek νόος (nóos) 'mind' and τροπή (tropḗ) 'turning'. [1][5][6] The first documented use of "nootropic" in reference to substances purported to increase cognitive functions was by Corneliu E. Giurgea in 1972. [5][6][7] When researching a new compound, Giurgea found a spectrum of effects ...
Fluvoxamine, sold under the brand name Luvox among others, is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. [8] It is primarily used to treat major depressive disorder and, perhaps more-especially, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), [9] but is also used to treat anxiety disorders [10] such as panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress ...
Additive effect in pharmacology describes the situation when the combining effects of two drugs equal the sum of the effects of the two drugs acting independently. [1][2] The concept of additive effect is derived from the concept of synergy. It was introduced by the scientists in pharmacology and biochemistry fields in the process of ...
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Caffeine-induced psychosis is a relatively rare phenomenon that can occur in otherwise healthy people. Overuse of caffeine may also worsen psychosis in people suffering from schizophrenia. [1] It is characterized by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, paranoia, and hallucinations. [2][3] This can happen with ingestion of high doses of ...
Most adults who sleep the recommended seven to nine hours a night get roughly one to two hours of REM sleep. ... going to bed late or having an irregular schedule can lead to negative effects on ...