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In biochemistry, denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose folded structure present in their native state due to various factors, including application of some external stress or compound, such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), agitation and radiation, or heat. [3]
Inflammation-induced ROS that cause DNA damage can trigger apoptosis, [52] [53] but may also cause cancer if repair and apoptotic processes are insufficiently protective. [ 45 ] Bile acids , stored in the gall bladder, are released into the small intestine in response to fat in the diet.
The HD gene [8] is found in all human genomes. In the event that a slippage event occurs there can be a large expansion in the tandem repeats of the HD gene. [8] An individual who is not affected by Huntington's disease will have 6-35 tandem repeats at the HD locus. However, an affected individual will have 36- 121 repeats present. [7]
For example, increasing the gene dosage of the gene SIR-2, which regulates DNA packaging in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, can significantly extend lifespan. [73] The mammalian homolog of SIR-2 is known to induce downstream DNA repair factors involved in NHEJ, an activity that is especially promoted under conditions of caloric ...
They can also be converted into glucose. [4] This glucose can then be converted to triglycerides and stored in fat cells. [5] Proteins can be broken down by enzymes known as peptidases or can break down as a result of denaturation. Proteins can denature in environmental conditions the protein is not made for. [6]
Furthermore, one can assess whether the folding proceeds according to a two-state unfolding as described above. This can be done with differential scanning calorimetry by comparing the calorimetric enthalpy of denaturation i.e. the area under the peak, A peak {\displaystyle A_{\text{peak}}} to the van 't Hoff enthalpy described as follows:
Insertions in the coding region of a gene may alter splicing of the mRNA (splice site mutation), or cause a shift in the reading frame , both of which can significantly alter the gene product. Insertions can be reversed by excision of the transposable element. Deletions remove one or more nucleotides from the DNA. Like insertions, these ...
Denaturation (biochemistry), a structural change in macromolecules caused by extreme conditions; Denaturation (fissile materials), transforming fissile materials so that they cannot be used in nuclear weapons; Denaturation (food), intentional adulteration of food or drink rendering it unfit for consumption while remaining suitable for other uses