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Muslim scholars disagree about exact criteria for salvation of Muslim and non-Muslim. Although most agree that Muslims will be finally saved – shahids (martyrs) who die in battle, are expected to enter paradise immediately after death [5]: 40 – non-Muslims are another matter.
The basic structure of the Islamic cosmos was one constituted of seven stacked layers of both heaven and earth. Humans live on the uppermost layer of the earth, whereas the bottommost layer is hell and the residence of the devil. The bottommost layer of heaven, directly above the earth, is the sky, whereas the uppermost one is Paradise.
Quranic cosmology is the understanding of the Quranic cosmos, the universe and its creation as described in the Quran.. The Quran provides a description of the physical landscape (cosmography) of the cosmos, including its structures and features, as well as its creation myth describing how the cosmos originated (), often related back to notions of the vastness and orderliness of the cosmos.
At the seventh heaven, he meets an old man who opens the gate to the realm beyond the material universe, and Paul then ascends to the eighth, ninth, and tenth heavens. [ 34 ] In Mandaeism , a series of maṭartas , or "toll houses," are located between the World of Light ( alma ḏ-nhūra ) from Tibil (Earth).
Inhabitants of the third earth, creatures supposed to have faces like humans but with the mouth of a dog, feet of cows and ears like goats. They never disobey God. [19] (Other) Isma'il, guardian angel of the first heaven, this angel offers advice to the believers on earth and prays for them. [20] (Angel)
[32] Armstrong further says that the Kaaba was thought to be at the center of the world, with the Gate of Heaven directly above it. The Kaaba marked the location where the sacred world intersected with the profane; the embedded Black Stone was a further symbol of this as a meteorite that had fallen from the sky and linked heaven and earth. [33]
'world of the kingdom [of God]'), also known as Hurqalya or Huralya, [1] is a proposed invisible realm of medieval Islamic cosmology. The Quran speaks of the malakūt al-samāwāt wa l-arḍ "kingdom of heaven and earth", where the heavenly kingdom represents the ultimate authority of God over the earth. [2] [3]
A Judeo-Arabic version of a popular narrative known as The Story of the Skull (whose earliest version is attributed to Ka'ab al-Ahbar) offers a detailed picture of the concept of Jahannam. [253] Here, Malak al-Mawt (the Angel of Death ) and a number of sixty angels seize the soul of the dead and begin torturing him with fire and iron hooks.