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This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 27 February 2025. Expansion of the Islamic state (622–750) For later military territorial expansion of Islamic states, see Spread of Islam. Early Muslim conquests Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632 Expansion under the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661 Expansion under the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750 Date ...
There are a number of uncertainties and disputed issues in the early history of Islam. [a] Most of these disputes can be traced to Shi'a-Sunni disagreements. Shi'a often argue that history has been distorted to further a Banu Umayyad agenda. [4]
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia is a two-volume encyclopedia covering the military and political history of Islam, edited by Alexander Mikaberidze and published in 2011. The encyclopedia contains more than 600 entries from dozens of contributors, as well as a glossary, maps and photographs. [1]
Unlike pre-Islamic Arabian society, the Qur'anic idea of economic circulation as a return of goods and obligations was for everyone, whether donors and recipients know each other or not, in which goods move, and society does what it is supposed to do.
As of 2016, there were 1.7 billion Muslims, [10] [11] with one out of four people in the world being Muslim, [12] making Islam the second-largest religion. [13] Out of children born from 2010 to 2015, 31% were born to Muslims, [ 14 ] and currently Islam is the world's fastest-growing major religion .
The history of Islam is believed by most historians [1] to have originated with Muhammad's mission in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century CE, [2] [3] although Muslims regard this time as a return to the original faith passed down by the Abrahamic prophets, such as Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, Solomon, and Jesus, with the submission (Islām) to the will of God.
[2] [3] The war started in March 624 with the Battle of Badr, [4] and concluded with the Conquest of Mecca. [5] Muhammad, born in Mecca, began spreading Islam in the city at the age of 40. Initially, he met no opposition from the Meccans, who were indifferent to his activities until he attacked their beliefs.
Early Islamic jurisprudence (7th century AD) placed a strong emphasis on the ethical implications of warfare and the treatment of spoils. The classical Islamic legal tradition categorised ghanimah as a form of property that could be legitimately acquired and distributed among the Muslim community, while also laying down rules to ensure that the rights of non-combatants were respected. [4]