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In the normal Euclidean geometry, triangles obey the Pythagorean theorem, which states that the square distance ds 2 between two points in space is the sum of the squares of its perpendicular components = + + where dx, dy and dz represent the infinitesimal differences between the x, y and z coordinates of two points in a Cartesian coordinate ...
The most common type of such symmetry vector fields include Killing vector fields (which preserve the metric structure) and their generalisations called generalised Killing vector fields. Symmetry vector fields find extensive application in the study of exact solutions in general relativity and the set of all such vector fields usually forms a ...
In mathematical physics, spacetime algebra (STA) is the application of Clifford algebra Cl 1,3 (R), or equivalently the geometric algebra G(M 4) to physics. Spacetime algebra provides a "unified, coordinate-free formulation for all of relativistic physics, including the Dirac equation, Maxwell equation and General Relativity" and "reduces the mathematical divide between classical, quantum and ...
In functional analysis, an F-space is a vector space over the real or complex numbers together with a metric: such that Scalar multiplication in X {\displaystyle X} is continuous with respect to d {\displaystyle d} and the standard metric on R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } or C . {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} .}
Orbital position vector, orbital velocity vector, other orbital elements. In astrodynamics and celestial dynamics, the orbital state vectors (sometimes state vectors) of an orbit are Cartesian vectors of position and velocity that together with their time () uniquely determine the trajectory of the orbiting body in space.
If the energy–momentum tensor T μν is that of an electromagnetic field in free space, i.e. if the electromagnetic stress–energy tensor = (+) is used, then the Einstein field equations are called the Einstein–Maxwell equations (with cosmological constant Λ, taken to be zero in conventional relativity theory): + = (+).
It is also known as the Laplace vector, [13] [14] the Runge–Lenz vector [15] and the Lenz vector. [8] Ironically, none of those scientists discovered it. [ 15 ] The LRL vector has been re-discovered and re-formulated several times; [ 15 ] for example, it is equivalent to the dimensionless eccentricity vector of celestial mechanics .
The equation is the same as the equation for the harmonic oscillator, a well-known equation in both physics and mathematics, however, the unknown constant vector is somewhat inconvenient. Taking the derivative again, we eliminate the constant vector P , {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {P} \ ,} at the price of getting a third-degree differential equation: