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A closely related idea in geometry is that of "inverting" a point. In the plane, the inverse of a point P with respect to a reference circle (Ø) with center O and radius r is a point P ', lying on the ray from O through P such that ′ =. This is called circle inversion or plane inversion.
Extensions to the above notation allow the GEOREF system to be used to designate an area around a reference point. This is achieved by adding an area designation to a base GEOREF co-ordinate. The area designation can be the letter S, to specify the sides of a rectangle (separated by the letter X); or the letter R, to specify the radius of a circle.
Earth radius (denoted as R 🜨 or R E) is the distance from the center of Earth to a point on or near its surface. Approximating the figure of Earth by an Earth spheroid (an oblate ellipsoid), the radius ranges from a maximum (equatorial radius, denoted a) of nearly 6,378 km (3,963 mi) to a minimum (polar radius, denoted b) of nearly 6,357 km (3,950 mi).
The Earth-centered, Earth-fixed coordinate system (acronym ECEF), also known as the geocentric coordinate system, is a cartesian spatial reference system that represents locations in the vicinity of the Earth (including its surface, interior, atmosphere, and surrounding outer space) as X, Y, and Z measurements from its center of mass.
That point is represented by the entire circular boundary of the map, and the ocean around that point appears along the entire boundary. The Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection with Tissot's indicatrix of deformation. The Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection is a particular mapping from a sphere to a disk.
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The inner radius is then r / R < 1. The Hadamard three-circle theorem is a statement about the maximum value a holomorphic function may take inside an annulus. The Joukowsky transform conformally maps an annulus onto an ellipse with a slit cut between foci.