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Chlordiazepoxide, 5 mg capsules, are sometimes used as an alternative to diazepam for benzodiazepine withdrawal. Like diazepam, it has a long elimination half-life and long-acting active metabolites. [25] [69] Management of benzodiazepine dependence involves considering the person's age, comorbidity and the pharmacological pathways of ...
Although anxiety can temporarily increase as a withdrawal symptom, there is evidence that a reduction or withdrawal from benzodiazepines can lead to a reduction of anxiety symptoms in the long run. [4] [5] Due to these increasing physical and mental symptoms from long-term use of benzodiazepines, slow withdrawal is recommended for long-term users.
Withdrawal symptoms typically consist of a mirror image of the drug's effects: Sedative effects and suppression of REM and SWS stages of sleep can be replaced by insomnia, nightmares, and hypnogogic hallucinations; its antianxiety effects are replaced with anxiety and panic; muscle-relaxant effects are replaced with muscular spasms or cramps ...
Detoxing is a first step towards sobriety. To overcome the inevitable pain of withdrawal from opiates without medication—going “cold turkey”—is excruciating. The ordeal may take a week or longer, and there is little relief from sleep deprivation, depression, and loss of bodily functions.
Post-acute withdrawal syndrome (PAWS) is a hypothesized set of persistent impairments that occur after withdrawal from alcohol, [1] [2] opiates, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and other substances. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Infants born to mothers who used substances of dependence during pregnancy may also experience a PAWS.
Repeated benzodiazepine withdrawal episodes may result in similar neuronal kindling as that seen after repeated withdrawal episodes from alcohol, with resultant increased neuro-excitability. The glutamate system is believed to play an important role in this kindling phenomenon with AMPA receptors which are a subtype of glutamate receptors being ...
benzodiazepines such as diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan), and alprazolam (Xanax) (see benzodiazepine dependence and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome) nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics such as zopiclone and zolpidem. [12] gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and 1,4-butanediol [13] carisoprodol (Soma) and related carbamates (tybamate and meprobamate)
Benzodiazepine abuse is steadily increasing and is now a major public health problem. Benzodiazepine abuse is mostly limited to individuals who abuse other drugs, i.e. poly-drug abusers. Most prescribed users do not abuse their medication, however, some high dose prescribed users do become involved with the illicit drug scene.