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In thermodynamics, the reduced properties of a fluid are a set of state variables scaled by the fluid's state properties at its critical point. These dimensionless thermodynamic coordinates, taken together with a substance's compressibility factor , provide the basis for the simplest form of the theorem of corresponding states .
Normal high pressure gas cylinders will hold gas at pressures from 200 to 400 bars (3,000 to 6,000 psi). An ideal gas pressurised to 200 bar in a cylinder would contain 200 times as much as the volume of the cylinder at atmospheric pressure, but real gases will contain less than that by a few percent. At higher pressures, the shortfall is greater.
In that situation, the reduced cubic equation of state yields 3 solutions. The largest and the lowest solution are the gas and liquid reduced volume. In this situation, the Maxwell construction is sometimes used to model the pressure as a function of molar volume.
Conversely, decreasing temperature would also make some water condense, again making the final volume deviating from predicted by the ideal gas law. Therefore, gas volume may alternatively be expressed excluding the humidity content: V d (volume dry). This fraction more accurately follows the ideal gas law. On the contrary, V s (volume ...
The solubility of gas obeys Henry's law, that is, the amount of a dissolved gas in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure. Therefore, placing a solution under reduced pressure makes the dissolved gas less soluble. Sonication and stirring under reduced pressure can usually
p is the gas pressure; R is the gas constant, T is temperature, V m is the molar volume (V/n), a is a constant that corrects for attractive potential of molecules, and; b is a constant that corrects for volume. The constants are different depending on which gas is being analyzed. The constants can be calculated from the critical point data of ...
The eudiometer functions on the greater solubility of NO 2 in water over NO, and the oxidation reaction of NO into NO 2 by air oxygen: 2 NO + O 2 → 2 NO 2. A quantity of air is combined with NO over water, and the more soluble compound NO 2 dissolves, leaving the remaining air somewhat contracted in volume. The richer the air was in oxygen ...
However, certain substances, water for example, contain unique angular structures at the molecular level. As such, when these substances reach temperatures just above their freezing point, they begin to expand, since the angle of the bonds prevent the molecules from tightly fitting together, resulting in more empty space between the molecules ...