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Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup language [a] for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser. It defines the content and structure of web content . It is often assisted by technologies such as Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and scripting languages such as JavaScript , a programming language.
This allowed a 16-bit address register, which would normally be able to access 64 KB of memory space, to access 1 MB of memory space. This segmenting of the memory space into discrete blocks with specific tasks carried over into the programming languages of the day and the concept is still widely in use within modern programming languages.
The feature that separates pointers from other kinds of reference is that a pointer's value is meant to be interpreted as a memory address, which is a rather low-level concept. References serve as a level of indirection: A pointer's value determines which memory address (that is, which datum) is to be used in a calculation.
The range of addressing of memory depends on the bit size of the bus used for addresses – the more bits used, the more addresses are available to the computer. For example, an 8-bit-byte-addressable machine with a 20-bit address bus (e.g. Intel 8086 ) can address 2 20 (1,048,576) memory locations, or one MiB of memory, while a 32-bit bus (e.g ...
In a system using segmentation, computer memory addresses consist of a segment id and an offset within the segment. [3] A hardware memory management unit (MMU) is responsible for translating the segment and offset into a physical address, and for performing checks to make sure the translation can be done and that the reference to that segment and offset is permitted.
A memory address a is said to be n-byte aligned when a is a multiple of n (where n is a power of 2). In this context, a byte is the smallest unit of memory access, i.e. each memory address specifies a different byte. An n-byte aligned address would have a minimum of log 2 (n) least-significant zeros when expressed in binary.
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In all these cases, the reference includes the full set of instructions, or a recipe, for how to access the data; in this sense, it serves the same purpose as an identifier or address in memory. If we have a set of keys K and a set of data objects D , any well-defined (single-valued) function from K to D ∪ { null } defines a type of reference ...