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Teeth whitening has become the most promoted and mentioned methodology in cosmetic dentistry. In excess of 100 million Americans brighten their teeth using different methods; spending $15 billion in 2010. [85] The US Food and Drug Administration only endorses gels that are under 6% hydrogen peroxide or 16% or less of carbamide peroxide.
Nevertheless, the AI affect primary and permanent teeth leading to various forms of enamel defects like hypomineralization and hypocalcification and the affected teeth appear discolored, brittle and highly prone to wear [32], as the severity and appearance of the defects is based on the specific gene mutation with certain forms resulting in ...
Hypopigmentation is characterized specifically as an area of skin becoming lighter than the baseline skin color, but not completely devoid of pigment. This is not to be confused with depigmentation , which is characterized as the absence of all pigment. [ 1 ]
The stained teeth of a regular betel chewer in Burma. Extrinsic discolorations are common and have many different causes. [10] The same range of factors are capable of staining the surface of restorations (e.g., composite fillings, porcelain crowns). [10] Some extrinsic discolorations that are allowed to remain for a long time may become ...
Molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) is a type of enamel defect affecting, as the name suggests, the first molars and incisors in the permanent dentition. [1] MIH is considered a worldwide problem with a global prevalence of 12.9% and is usually identified in children under 10 years old. [2]
It may be generalized across the dentition or localized to a few teeth. Defects are categorized by shape or location. Common categories are pit-form, plane-form, linear-form, and localised enamel hypoplasia. [3] [4] [5] Hypoplastic lesions are found in areas of the teeth where the enamel was being actively formed during a systemic or local ...
If tooth decay does occur (usually from trauma), dogs can receive dental fillings just as humans do. Similar to human teeth, the enamel of dogs is vulnerable to tetracycline staining. Consequently, this risk must be accounted for when tetracycline antibiotic therapy is administered to young dogs. [56] Enamel hypoplasia may also occur in dogs.
Enamel hypoplasia example. Linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) is a failure of the tooth enamel to develop correctly during growth, leaving bands of reduced enamel on a tooth surface.