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In computer science, a double-ended queue (abbreviated to deque, / d ɛ k / DEK [1]) is an abstract data type that generalizes a queue, for which elements can be added to or removed from either the front (head) or back (tail). [2] It is also often called a head-tail linked list, though properly this refers to a specific data structure ...
Folds can be regarded as consistently replacing the structural components of a data structure with functions and values. Lists, for example, are built up in many functional languages from two primitives: any list is either an empty list, commonly called nil ([]), or is constructed by prefixing an element in front of another list, creating what is called a cons node ( Cons(X1,Cons(X2,Cons ...
The list holds the remaining elements (a.k.a., the rear of the queue) in reverse order. It is easy to insert into the front of the queue by adding a node at the head of . And, if is not empty, it is easy to remove from the end of the queue by removing the node at the head of .
The list of parents as the last argument to the merge process preserves the local precedence order of direct parent classes. The merge of parents' linearizations and parents list is done by selecting the first head of the lists which does not appear in the tail (all elements of a list except the first) of any of the lists.
The cross product operation is an example of a vector rank function because it operates on vectors, not scalars. Matrix multiplication is an example of a 2-rank function, because it operates on 2-dimensional objects (matrices). Collapse operators reduce the dimensionality of an input data array by one or more dimensions. For example, summing ...
The resulting vector is sometimes called the resultant vector of a and b. The addition may be represented graphically by placing the tail of the arrow b at the head of the arrow a, and then drawing an arrow from the tail of a to the head of b. The new arrow drawn represents the vector a + b, as illustrated below: [7] The addition of two vectors ...
The first and last nodes of a doubly linked list for all practical applications are immediately accessible (i.e., accessible without traversal, and usually called head and tail) and therefore allow traversal of the list from the beginning or end of the list, respectively: e.g., traversing the list from beginning to end, or from end to beginning, in a search of the list for a node with specific ...
The Euclidean method was first introduced in Efficient exponentiation using precomputation and vector addition chains by P.D Rooij. This method for computing x n {\displaystyle x^{n}} in group G , where n is a natural integer, whose algorithm is given below, is using the following equality recursively: