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The plastic section modulus is used to calculate a cross-section's capacity to resist bending after yielding has occurred across the entire section. It is used for determining the plastic, or full moment, strength and is larger than the elastic section modulus, reflecting the section's strength beyond the elastic range.
This is often the case for water on bare metallic or ceramic surfaces, [15] although the presence of an oxide layer or contaminants on the solid surface can significantly increase the contact angle. Generally, if the water contact angle is smaller than 90°, the solid surface is considered hydrophilic [16] and if the water contact angle is ...
For a fully filled duct or pipe whose cross-section is a convex regular polygon, the hydraulic diameter is equivalent to the diameter of a circle inscribed within the wetted perimeter. This can be seen as follows: The N {\displaystyle N} -sided regular polygon is a union of N {\displaystyle N} triangles, each of height D / 2 {\displaystyle D/2 ...
The length of line of the intersection of channel wetted surface with a cross sectional plane normal to the flow direction. The term wetted perimeter is common in civil engineering, environmental engineering, hydrology, geomorphology, and heat transfer applications; it is associated with the hydraulic diameter or hydraulic radius. Engineers ...
Quantities used in the definition of the section modulus of a beam. The maximum tensile stress at a cross-section is at the location z = c 1 {\displaystyle z=c_{1}} and the maximum compressive stress is at the location z = − c 2 {\displaystyle z=-c_{2}} where the height of the cross-section is h = c 1 + c 2 {\displaystyle h=c_{1}+c_{2}} .
is the cross section area. is the elastic modulus. is the shear modulus. is the second moment of area., called the Timoshenko shear coefficient, depends on the geometry. Normally, = / for a rectangular section.
= [4] for four-point bending test where the loading span is 1/3 of the support span (rectangular cross section) = [5] for three-point bending test (rectangular cross section) in these formulas the following parameters are used:
Flexural modulus measurement For a 3-point test of a rectangular beam behaving as an isotropic linear material, where w and h are the width and height of the beam, I is the second moment of area of the beam's cross-section, L is the distance between the two outer supports, and d is the deflection due to the load F applied at the middle of the ...